1-157-184 - Ann Ronan Picture Library/Heritage-Images

Andre Massena, French soldier, c1820. Regarded as one of Napoleon's greatest generals, Massena (1758-1817) first distinguished himself in the revolutionary wars. He commanded French forces in Italy after the Battle of Marengo in 1800. Made a Marshal in 1804, Massena was then dismissed for looting. He was recalled to service in 1809 to fight against the Fifth Coalition, and in 1810 commanded the invasion of Portugal in the Peninsular War. Massena supported the Bourbons on their restoration and refused to join Napoleon when he returned from exile on Elba in 1814.