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Leaf Excised from a Book of Hours: The Nativity, c. 1480. The Ghent-Bruges school of illumination represents the culmination of Flemish book painting. Its main features were the use of rich colours, decorative and illusionistic effects, a love of landscape, and a strong sense of visual narrative. Its most distinctive innovation was the development of a new style of border decoration featuring realistic motifs which cast shadows onto coloured grounds to create a trompe l’oeil effect. These motifs included a rich assortment of flowers, butterflies, insects, birds, and sprays of acanthus foliage. Foremost among the exponents of this style was the illuminator Alexander Bening. He is known to have entered the painter’s guild in Ghent in 1469. Little else is known about Alexander’s career. It must be assumed, however, that he worked in close association with other miniaturists and panel painters such as Roger van der Weyden, Hugo van der Goes, and Gerard David, whose compositions are often adapted or replicated in Alexander’s miniatures